Policy Memo Archive (2000-1997) PONARS policy memos are short, succinct (two to four page) memos primarily intended for a policymaking audience. They are derived from the current research of PONARS members and have become an excellent resource for policymakers and non-policymakers alike. The memos are thorough and accessible, and cover topics too current to be addressed by journal articles.
PONARS publications are funded through the International Peace and Security Program of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Program on Global Security and Sustainability of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The views expressed in these publications are those of the author alone. Publication of these series does not imply endorsement by PONARS, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Carnegie Corporation, or the MacAuthur Foundation.
Policy Memos and Working Papers are also available in the Russia and Eurasia Program's Associated Publications section
| 2000 |
182. Russia's Belarus Dilemma
Arkady Moshes
181. "Kosovo Syndrome" and the Great Nuclear Debate of 2000
Nikolai Sokov
180. Putin's Boost-Phase Defense: The Offer That Wasn't
Pavel Podvig
179. Nuclear De-emphasizing in Russia's Military Thinking: Phantom or Reality?
Alexander A. Pikayev
178. Nuclear Programs in North Korea and Iran: Assessing Russia's Position
Vladimir A. Orlov
177. A Sober Second Look: Reassessing the Logic of Missile Defense
Bear F. Braumoeller
176. Russia's Views on Cruise Missiles in the Context
Deborah Yarsike Ball
175. Too Much of a Good Thing? High Oil Prices and Russian Monetary Policy
David M. Woodruff
174. Exchange Rate Policy After the Currency Crisis: Walking the Tightrope
Vladimir Popov
173. The Limits of US Influence on Russian Economic Policy
Mark Kramer
172. Russia and the European Union: The Case of Kaliningrad
Alexander Sergounin
171. EU Enlargement in the Baltic Sea Region and Russia: Obvious Problems, Unclear Solutions
Arkady Moshes
170. Why the United States Should Cede its Russia Policy to Europe
Ted Hopf
169. Too Much of a Good Thing? Conditionality and Change in Post-Soviet States
Jeffrey T. Checkel
168. Central Asia's Stability and Russia's Security
Dmitri Trenin
167. International Terrorism in the Southern Tier: Perceived or Real Threat to Russia's Security?
Ekaterina Stepanova
166. A Dangerous Balancing Act: Karimov, Putin, and the Taliban
Pauline Jones Luong
165. Russia's Strategic Partnerships and Global Security
Andrew C. Kuchins
164. Peace-Building and Conflict Resolution in Nagorno-Karabakh
Stuart J. Kaufman
163. The Forgotten Abkhazia: Anatomy of Post-Socialist Ethnic War
Georgi Derluguian
162. Russia's New Caspian Policy
Douglas W. Blum
161. The New Federal Structure: More Centralized, or More of the Same?
Steven Solnick
160. The Russian Constitution and Foreign Policy: Regional Aspects
Mikhail I. Rykhtik
159. Broken Pendulum: Recentralization Under Putin
Nikolai Petrov
158. Gubernatorial Elections in the Volgograd Region: Do They Matter?
Ivan Kurilla
157. Russia's Path to a New Regional Policy
Matthew Evangelista
156. Russia's Periphery in the Global Arena: Do Regions Matter in the Kremlin's Foreign Policy?
Mikhail A. Alexseev
155. Putin and the Russian Military
Kimberly Marten
154. The Duma and Military Reform
Brian D. Taylor
153. Putin's Court: How the Military Fits In
Pavel Baev
152. The Social Cost of Russian Military Reform: Redefining Priorities for US Assistance
Oksana Antonenko
151. Russian Nationalism and Vladimir Putin's Russia
Astrid S. Tuminez
150. Alexander Solzhenitsyn as a Mirror of the Russian Counter-Revolution
Eduard Ponarin
149. The Importance of the Politics of Friendship for Contemporary Russia
Oleg Kharkhordin
148. Can Putin Rebuild the Russian State?
Stephen E. Hanson
147. The Essence of Putinism: The Strengthening of the Privatized State
Dmitri Glinski
146. The Dictatorship of Law in Russia: Neither Dictatorship, Nor Rule of Law
Vladimir Gel'man
145. The Sinking of the Kursk
Mark Kramer
144. The Clinton-Putin Summit and the Ultimate Security Issue: Democracy in Russia
Sarah E. Mendelson
143. Explaining the International Community's Response to the War in Chechnya
Sarah E. Mendelson
142. Human Rights Violations in Chechnya: Implications for Western Assistance to Russia
Kimberly Marten
141. Reforming the IMF? Lessons from Assistance to Post-Communist Countries
Randall Stone
140. The Role for US Democracy Assistance: Helping Build Parties from the Bottom Up
Regina Smyth
139. Supporting Democratic Institutions Rather than "democrats" in Russia
Regina Smyth
138. Russia and the European Union: The Northern Dimension
Alexander Sergounin
137. The Case for Assisting Russian NGOs
James Richter
136. Economic Assistance to Russia: Ineffectual, Politicized, and Corrupt?
Yoshiko M. Herrera
135. Rethinking the Role of International Institutions in Post-Soviet States
Jeffrey T. Checkel
134. Russian Policy and the Potential for Agreement on Revising the ABM Treaty
Celeste A. Wallander
133. The Reality and Myths of Nuclear Regionalism in Russia
Nikolai Sokov
132. START and the ABM Treaty: Is a Compromise Possible?
Paul Podvig
131. Russia's Policy on Nonproliferation Under Putin
Vladimir A. Orlov
130. Still Hobbling Along: An Update on the Russian Banking System
Astrid S. Tuminez
129. Why the Russian Economy is Unlikely to Become a New "Asian Tiger"
Vladimir Popov
128. Capital Flight and Russian Economic Reform
Mark Kramer
127. Repairing Relations with Russia Through NATO
Celeste A. Wallander
126. The Views of the Russian Elite Toward NATO Membership
Dmitri Glinski
125. New Challenges to US-Russian Relations
Mikhail I. Rykhtik
124. The Finlandization of Russia? The Kremlin's Geopolitical and Geo-economic Choices
Alexander A. Pikayev
123. Russian Policy Towards Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic States in the Putin Era
Arkady Moshes
122. The Limited Reach of Russia's Party System: Under-Institutionalization in the Provinces
Kathryn Stoner-Weiss
121. Russia's Nationalist Consolidation: Love it or Leave it?
Eduard Ponarin
120. Southern Russia: The Heartland or Russia's Soft Underbelly?
Ivan Kurilla
119. The State of Democratization in Russia in Light of the Elections
Henry E. Hale
118. Russia's Population Crisis: The Migration Dimension
Theodore P. Gerber
117. The Unintended Consequences of Anti-Federalist Centralization in Russia
Mikhail A. Alexseev
116. Putin and the Military: How Long Will the Honeymoon Last?
Brian D. Taylor
115. Putin and the Provinces
Steven Solnick
114. Consolidation of the State and Economic Policy Scenarios Under Putin
Vadim Radaev
113. The 2000 Presidential Elections: The Political Taste and Aftertaste
Nikolai Petrov
112. Putin in Russian Historical Context
Georgi Derluguian
111. The Dynamics of US-Russian Relations: A Critical Perspective
Celeste A. Wallander
110. Is Russian Nationalism on the Rise?
Henry E. Hale
109. A History of the ABM Treaty in Russia
Paul Podvig
108. The Prospects for ABM Treaty Modification
Alexander A. Pikayev
107. Will Russia Go for a Military Victory in Chechnya?
Pavel Baev
106. Power as Patronage: Russian Parties and Russian Democracy
Regina Smyth
105. Hobbling Along: Russian Banking Reform
Astrid S. Tuminez
104. Reflections on Putin's Rise to Power
Georgi Derluguian
103. What is Driving Russia's New Strategic Concept?
Mark Kramer
102. Russian National Security Policy in 2000
Celeste A. Wallander
101. Foreign Policy Under Putin: Pro-Western Pragmatism Might Be a Greater Challenge to the West
Nikolai Sokov
[ 1999 ]
100. Western Policy on Chechnya: Rationalizing Relations with Russia?
Ekaterina Stepanova
99. Civil-Military Relations in Russia and the Chechnya Conflict
Mark Kramer
98. Chechnya: the Military's Golden Opportunity to Emerge as an Important Political Player in Russia
Eva Busza
97. Methods of Central Control Over Russia's Provinces, and Prospects for the Future
Steven Solnick
96. The Federation Council and Representation of Regional Interests
Nikolai Petrov
95. Dagestan and Chechnya: Russia's Self-Defeating Wars
Matthew Evangelista
94. The "Yellow Peril" Revisited: The Impact of Chinese Migration in Primorskii Krai
Mikhail A. Alexseev
93. The Death of Arms Control: Popular Myths About What Russia Can and Will Do
Nikolai Sokov
92. Russian Nuclear Forces in Ten Years with and without START II
Pavel Podvig
91. The Security of Russia's Nuclear Arsenal: The Human Factor
Deborah Yarsike Ball
90. Dilemmas and Tradeoffs in Russian Exchange Rate Policy
David M. Woodruff
89. Russia Since August 1998: A Political-Economic Balance Sheet
Astrid S. Tuminez
88. Russia and the Rest: Economic Reform and Western Assistance
Randall Stone
87. Evaluating Democracy Assistance to Eastern Europe and Eurasia
Sarah E. Mendelson
86. Food Aid to Russia: The Fallacies of US Policy
Mark Kramer
85. Lessons from Russia's Experience with Market-Oriented Reform
Yoshiko M. Herrera
84. Russian Security Policy and the Prospects for Multilateralism in the Asia-Pacific
Alexander Sergounin
83. Will We See a New Russian Security Policy After the Elections?
Mikhail I. Rykhtik
82. Russian-Ukrainian Relations After Ukraine's Elections
Arkady Moshes
81. How NATO's War in Yugoslavia is Making Foreign Policy in Moscow
Ted Hopf
80. Access, Influence and Policy Change: The Multiple Roles of NGOs in Post-Soviet States
Jeffrey T. Checkel
79. Security and Rule-Enforcement in Russian Business: The Role of the "Mafia" and the State
Vadim Volkov
78. Russian Entrepreneurship After the 1998 Crisis
Vadim Radaev
77. The Invisible Fist: Russia's Criminal Predators Against Markets and Themselves
Georgi Derluguian
76. Assessing the Impact of Elections on Democratic Consolidation
Regina Smyth
75. Revenge of the Administrative System: The Primakov-Luzhkov Silver Lining
Eduard Ponarin
74. Critical Political Mass: Russia's Emerging Party System
Henry E. Hale
73. The Eve of Electoral Threshold: New Challenges in Russian Politics
Vladimir Gel'man
72. Russian Political Attitudes and Political Parties
Bear Braumoeller
71. The Dissonant Concert: US-Russian Relations in the UN Security Council
Kimberly Marten
70. Russian-US Relations in the Post Post-Cold War World
Celeste A. Wallander
69. Who Won and Will Win Russia?
Michael McFaul
68. Globalization and American Policy Toward Russia
Douglas W. Blum
67. Institutional Decline in the Russian Military: Exit, Voice and Corruption
Kimberly Marten
66. The Spread of Violence in Russian Business in the Late 1990s
Vadim Radaev
65. Changing Rules for Russian Roulette? Rethinking the Soldier, State and Society in Russia
Eva Busza
64. Security Implications of the Russian Identity Crisis
Eduard Ponarin
63. Arms Control in the Context of Current US-Russian Relations
Brian D. Taylor
62. Russian Views on Kosovo: Synopsis of May 6 Panel Discussion
Celeste A. Wallander
61. How Kosovo Empowers the Russian Military
Deborah Yarsike Ball
60. Russia, Serbia and the West Redux
Astrid S. Tuminez
59. The Bright Side of Russia's Regionalization
Alexander Sergounin
58. Russia, Kosovo and Security Cooperation
Celeste A. Wallander
57. Explaining Russia's Dissention on Kosovo
Ekaterina Stepanova
56. The IMF-Russian Negotiations and Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nikolai Sokov
[ 1998 ]
55. The Company They Keep: Some Observations on Russian Management
Astrid S. Tuminez
54. Breaking Up is Hard to Do: Applying Lessons from Soviet Disintegration to the Russian Federation
Henry E. Hale
53. Russia's Caspian Policy Under Primakov
Douglas W. Blum
52. Russia and Regional Multilateral Security
Andrew Kuchins
51. Promoting Activism or Professionalism in Russia's Civil Society?
James Richter
50. The US Second Line of Defense: Preventing Nuclear Smuggling Across Russia's Borders
Deborah Yarsike Ball
49. The Political Costs of Western Investment in Russian Spin-off Companies
Kimberly Marten
48. International Institutions and Russian Security Cooperation
Celeste A. Wallander
47. Strategies for US Democracy Assistance to Russia After Market Failure
Sarah E. Mendelson
46. Why and How the US Should Aid Russia
Michael McFaul
45. The Rise and Fall of the Russian Internal Troops?
Brian D. Taylor
44. Yeltsin's Latest Military Reform Initiative: Operational-Strategic Commands
Eva Busza
43. Nuclear Weapons and Russia's Economic Crisis
Nikolai Sokov
42. The Regionalization of Autocracy in Russia
Henry E. Hale
41. Primakov in Context: The Myths and Realities of Russia's New Prime Minister
Jeffrey T. Checkel
40. Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Uncertainty in Post-Communist Russia
Stephen E. Hanson
39. Central Weakness and Provincial Autonomy: The Process of Devolution in Russia
Kathryn Stoner-Weiss
38. The Russian Barter Debate: Implications for Western Policy
David M. Woodruff
37. US Policy and Russia's Economic Plight: Lessons from the Meltdown
Mark Kramer
36. Policy Lessons from the Russian Economic Crisis
Randall Stone
35. The Current Russian Economic Crisis is Neither
Pauline Jones Luong
34. Why Military Dissatisfaction Is Not a Threat to the Russian State
Kimberly Marten
33. Russia's Financial Meltdown: Causes and Policy Responses
Randall Stone
32. Options for Resolution of the Conflict in Abkhazia
Stuart Kaufman
31. Clinton's Moscow Mission
Michael McFaul
30. The Russian National Security Concept: A Liberal-Statist Synthesis
Celeste A. Wallander
29. Russia's Relations with NATO: Lessons from the History of the Entente Cordiale
Nikolai Sokov
28. Russia's Strategic View: Diminished Threats and Diminished Capabilities
Deborah Yarsike Ball
27. Value Tradeoffs and America's Caspian Policy: Energy, the Environment, and Sustainable Development
Douglas W. Blum
26. Foreign Funding of Social Movements in Russia
Valerie Sperling
25. Current Russian Views on US-Russian Security Relations and Military Reform
Sarah E. Mendelson
[ 1997 ]
24. Could Norway Trigger a Nuclear War? Notes on the Russian Command and Control System
Nikolai Sokov
23. Domestic Structure, Economic Growth, and Russian Foreign Policy
Nikolai Sokov
22. Strategies For Energy Development In Central Asia: International Implications
Pauline Jones Luong
21. In Its Own Image: Toward a Re-conceptualization of Central Asia
Pauline Jones Luong
20. Russia In Search of Itself: Nationalism and the Future of the Russian State
Astrid S. Tuminez
19. Russia and the WTO: The Work to be Done
Michael Rosenbaum
18. The Coming Unemployment Crisis in Russia
Stephen E. Hanson
17. The New Tribalism and America's Russia Policy
Stuart Kaufman
16. Russian-American Relations in the Post-Cold War Environment
Andrei Kortunov
15. Russia's Fiscal Veto on CIS Integration
Henry E. Hale
14. Empowerment, Ricochets and End-Runs: Russia's Integration with Western Human Rights Institutions
and Practices
Jeffrey T. Checkel
13. Promoting a Strong Civil Society: US Foreign Assistance and Russian NGOs
James Richter
12. The Next Step in Democracy Assistance to Russia: Targeting Military Reform
Sarah E. Mendelson
11. The Emerging Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership and Eurasian Security
Andrew Kuchins
10. Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, and Baltic Security
Mark Kramer
9. Russia's International Integration and Caspian Sea Oil
Fiona Hill
8. Domestic Politics and Russia's Caspian Policy
Douglas W. Blum
7. Contact Lenses: Transparency and US-Russian Military Ties
Kimberly Marten
6. Short-Term Compromises and Long-Term Dangers for Russian-American Security Cooperation
Mathew Evangelista
5. The Domestic Politics of NATO Expansion in Russia: Implications for American Foreign Policy
Michael McFaul
4. The Pending Crisis in Russian Civil-Military Relations
Deborah Yarsike Ball
3. Main Problems for Civilian Control of Military Budgets in Russia
Boris Jelezov
2. The Russian Military Outside Politics: a Historical Perspective
Brian D. Taylor
1. The Economization, Rationalization, and Normalization of Russian Foreign Policy
Celeste A. Wallander
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