With an estimated one billion people going hungry every day, food security is one of the most pressing issues the world will face this century. As an integral part of the United States’ rebalance toward Asia, food security policy needs to shift away from its historic focus on rice agriculture to address the potential disaster faced by the region’s fisheries. Fully 84 percent of global fisheries are seriously overexploited—many are near collapse—and Southeast Asia is one of the regions where this trend is most apparent.

Fisheries are integral to the way of life of many Southeast Asians. Perhaps the best example of this is Indonesia, an archipelago of 17,000 islands that is home to 240 million people and houses the “Amazon” of fisheries and coral reefs within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Fish accounts for only 5.2 percent of Indonesia’s GDP, but it provided 72 percent of its animal protein consumption in 2011. It is also the primary source of livelihood for coastal communities that have few other alternatives for employment.

Indonesia faces many serious threats to its fisheries. The changing global climate caused by increased carbon emissions has resulted in the ocean absorbing more heat and becoming more acidic. These two changes are expected to radically alter traditional fish habitats around Indonesia. Currents circulating nutrients will change course and fragile coral ecosystems are expected to shrink. Because of climatic changes and environmental degradation over the past four decades, over 40 percent of coral reefs and mangroves have been destroyed in the “coral triangle” in which Indonesia is located.

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The Week That Was

• Government announces cease-fire in Kachin State
• Japan’s prime minister visits Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia
• Philippines asks UN tribunal to rule on China’s maritime claims

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Looking Ahead

• Discussion of water security in Asia
• CSIS Conference on the Asia Pacific in 2013
• Panel on public-private partnerships in disaster response

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STRATEGIES IN FOOD SECURITY: THINKING SERIOUSLY ABOUT FISH IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

By Elke Larsen, Research Assistant, Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies, CSIS

With an estimated one billion people going hungry every day, food security is one of the most pressing issues the world will face this century. As an integral part of the United States’ rebalance toward Asia, food security policy needs to shift away from its historic focus on rice agriculture to address the potential disaster faced by the region’s fisheries. Fully 84 percent of global fisheries are seriously overexploited—many are near collapse—and Southeast Asia is one of the regions where this trend is most apparent.

Fisheries are integral to the way of life of many Southeast Asians. Perhaps the best example of this is Indonesia, an archipelago of 17,000 islands that is home to 240 million people and houses the “Amazon” of fisheries and coral reefs within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Fish accounts for only 5.2 percent of Indonesia’s GDP, but it provided 72 percent of its animal protein consumption in 2011. It is also the primary source of livelihood for coastal communities that have few other alternatives for employment.

Indonesia faces many serious threats to its fisheries. The changing global climate caused by increased carbon emissions has resulted in the ocean absorbing more heat and becoming more acidic. These two changes are expected to radically alter traditional fish habitats around Indonesia. Currents circulating nutrients will change course and fragile coral ecosystems are expected to shrink. Because of climatic changes and environmental degradation over the past four decades, over 40 percent of coral reefs and mangroves have been destroyed in the “coral triangle” in which Indonesia is located.

Beyond that, overfishing is driving Indonesian fisheries to the brink. Indonesia’s waters are “open access,” attracting not only legal fishing vessels but also illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) vessels from distant nations. IUU fishing vessels are estimated to create a minimum loss of $3 billion to the Indonesian economy each year.

With little policing and a growing number of industrial-scale fishing vessels entering Indonesian waters, fish are now being caught faster than they can reproduce. Aquaculture may seem like an obvious solution to this problem, but unsustainable practices like feeding farmed fish with meal made of wild fish and inefficient farming practices often increase environmental degradation and the risk of disease in the fish themselves.

These problems are not unique to Indonesia. They are region-wide problems that need region-wide action. There is growing awareness in the U.S. government that the health of the region’s fish resources poses a serious threat to the people of Southeast Asia. The United States has responded by becoming one of the region’s strongest partners in the Coral Triangle Initiative, which aims to protect coral reefs and fisheries and work toward climate change adaptation in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and other countries in the region.

A joint U.S.-Indonesian statement in September 2012 included a section on supporting an Indonesian marine reserve and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s vision of a “blue economy”—an environmentally sustainable economy based on the ocean. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration are helping Indonesia with ocean surveillance and data collection, climate change resilience, and fishery enforcement and are working with local communities to find employment alternatives to the fishing industry.

But more needs to be done in placing fisheries management firmly at the heart of Washington’s food security paradigm. This could include ensuring that environmental considerations are included in trade agreements and given increased priority in intergovernmental organizations.

The United States is a major customer of Southeast Asian fisheries and it is paramount that the process of acquiring fish in the region becomes more transparent. A system of fish import certification should be implemented to ensure that the origin of fish can be traced.

Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determines the origin of a product based on where it is processed prior to arriving on U.S. shores. But this creates a loophole under which the United States can import illegally caught fish. For example, if fish is illegally sourced in Indonesian waters but processed in Thailand, it is labeled as a ‘Thai product” when it reaches the U.S. consumer.

Creating a system of “catch certificates” like that implemented by the European Union in 2008 could help. However, many of the organizations offering “sustainable seafood certifications” are fakes. A U.S.-approved list of reliable certifications would keep both U.S. importers and consumers informed when they purchase seafood.

The United States should also seek to expand public-private partnerships. The U.S. government and the private sector have shared interests in sustainable seafood: the private sector does not want fish stocks to become overexploited and is facing a consumer that is becoming more concerned about sustainability. A possible model for such collaboration is the Fishing and Living Initiative between USAID and Anova Food, the United States’ largest distributor of sashimi-grade tuna. Through this program, Anova purchases only pole-and-line caught tuna directly from small coastal fishing communities, thereby supporting sustainable fishing practices and the livelihoods of local fishing communities.

Several systemic changes need to occur if these strategies are to be effective. First, the U.S. private sector and consumer must actively drive the demand for sustainably sourced seafood. There are some positive signs that the movement for sustainable seafood is slowly gaining momentum: since Greenpeace introduced its seafood retailer scorecard in 2008, roughly 80 percent of U.S. supermarkets have improved the sustainability of their seafood supplies.

Most seriously, Southeast Asian fisheries are threatened by the lack of regulations and policing in their EEZs. With the “open-access” model already proving to be a recipe for disaster, the only logical alternative is to limit access to EEZs. Regional cooperation may be the best answer to managing migratory fish stocks.

One of the best existing models for this is the Parties to the Nauru Agreement in the central Pacific that aims to limit fishery access through bilateral agreements. Such regional cooperation will fall short of expectations, however, when it faces a lack of resources to enforce the agreements, tenuous cooperation among members of the organization, and corruption within its administration.

The threats faced by fisheries in Southeast Asia cannot be overemphasized. If the fisheries collapse, not only will there be food shortages, but the livelihood of millions of Southeast Asians will be destroyed. In the spirit of the United States’ rebalance toward Asia, Washington’s food security strategy must include protection of the region’s fisheries. Otherwise, the United States will miss an opportunity to help boost regional security in an area where it matters most.

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The Week That Was

Myanmar

Government announces cease-fire in Kachin State. Myanmar’s government announced January 18 that its troops would implement a unilateral cease-fire starting the following day in the area around the Kachin Independence Army’s (KIA) headquarters at Laiza in northern Myanmar. The announcement came just hours after Myanmar’s parliament passed a motion calling on both sides to end hostilities. Reports as of January 22 indicated that clashes continued in the area but were less severe than in recent weeks. Fighting between KIA and government forces escalated sharply in December and January, with the government employing air and artillery strikes. Shells, presumably from government artillery, landed inside Laiza on January 14, killing three civilians and injuring four others.

Thein Sein releases reform blueprint. President Thein Sein released a sweeping blueprint for future reforms during a donors’ conference in Naypyidaw January 19–20. The ambitious document outlines reform the Myanmar government hopes to implement by 2030, including financial sector reforms, transparency and good governance practices, and targets for telecommunications penetration and education. Aid agencies, diplomats, and multilateral organizations represented at the conference signed a non-binding agreement to help support the reforms.

Draconian public speech law repealed. President Thein Sein repealed a law on January 16 that allowed authorities to hand out 20-year prison sentences to those who criticized the government. The former military junta enacted the law in 1996 and frequently used it to imprison dissidents. Rights groups cautiously welcomed the repeal but called for further reform to protect free speech. Reporters Without Borders (RSF) issued a report January 17 on the state of media freedom in Myanmar following its first fact-finding mission to the country. The report welcomed the easing of media restrictions to date, but called on the government to do more.

Public tenders issued for telecoms, oil licenses. Myanmar’s government issued tenders for telecommunications and oil licenses on January 15 and 17, respectively. The tenders allow foreign investors to bid on two telecoms licenses and 18 onshore oil and gas blocks. Both industries are expected to prove profitable, but the tender process will offer an important opportunity to measure Myanmar’s openness to foreign investors. Large Western oil and gas companies are expected to wait for more lucrative offshore blocks to be offered before they begin bidding on Myanmar’s hydrocarbon resources.

Thousands flee homes amid escalating violence in Rakhine State. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported January 11 that more than 2,000 Rohingya fled Myanmar’s Rakhine state or refugee camps in Bangladesh by boat in the first week of 2013. The agency estimated that 13,000 people were smuggled out of the area by boat in 2012, with at least 485 still missing or dead. The agency receives regular permission to access those who arrive in Malaysia by boat and urged all Southeast Asian governments to grant it the same access to possible refugees arriving from Myanmar.

Indonesia

United States says Indonesian trade restrictions violate WTO obligations. The United States on January 10 requested consultations with Indonesia over allegedly restrictive import licensing requirements on horticultural and animal products, arguing that the restrictions are inconsistent with Indonesia’s World Trade Organization obligations. Consultations began on January 22 and could lead to arbitration if not settled within 60 days. The dispute is the latest response to Indonesia’s long-running drive for food self-sufficiency, which has led to sharp cuts in imports and record spikes in domestic food prices.

Supreme Court removes government mining regulations; Chevron threatens to pull out investments. Indonesia’s Supreme Court clarified one of its 2012 rulings January 10, saying that it annulled government regulations forbidding the export of unprocessed mineral ores and removed federal authority to approve concessions for smelting projects. The decision, which should benefit local governments and mid-sized miners, stifles government efforts to reorganize the mining industry and boost domestic ore-processing capacity. Separately, Chevron issued a warning on January 11 that it might divest up to $3 billion of assets in Indonesia amid continued legal and regulatory uncertainty in the mining and hydrocarbon industries.

Preliminary Komnas investigation reveals state hand in Poso unrest. Indonesia’s National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas) accused the military on January 16 of purposely manipulating the level of tension in Poso, Central Sulawesi, in order to garner support for a controversial national security bill. The accusation followed Komnas’s preliminary investigation into the actions of security forces that have been combatting terrorist activities in the area. Komnas said that local authorities and security forces did not act on tip-offs until violence had already broken out. The national security bill would allow the military a greater role in addressing domestic national security threats, and is considered by activists to be a setback for Indonesia’s democracy.

Widespread floods bring Jakarta to a standstill. Jakarta governor Joko Widodo declared a state of emergency January 17 as days of flooding caused the deaths of 14 people and the evacuation of roughly 16,000 from Jakarta, according to the National Disaster Mitigation Agency. The death toll has since risen to 26. The Indonesian Employers Association estimates that business losses due to supply disruption and absent workers will likely approach $100 million. Jakarta contributes 10 percent of Indonesia’s gross domestic product, but poor infrastructure and urban planning make the capital vulnerable to seasonal flooding.

Former Democrat Party official convicted of graft. Former beauty queen and Democrat Party deputy secretary-general Angelina Sondakh was sentenced January 17 to four and a half years in prison for accepting kickbacks during preparations for the 2011 Southeast Asia Games. Angelina’s graft cost the state $3.6 million in losses. Meanwhile, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono appointed Roy Suryo to replace Andi Mallarangeng as youth and sports minister following the latter’s ouster over related corruption charges. Angelina’s and Andi’s problems are just the latest in a string of high-level corruption scandals involving Democrat Party officials.

Thailand

Thailand to grant UN access to Myanmar migrants. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) said January 16 that Thai officials agreed to grant it access to nearly 850 migrants seized in southern Thailand. The migrants, many of whom are assumed to be persecuted Rohingya from western Myanmar, were discovered in three separate raids near the Thailand-Malaysia border in early January. UNHCR will provide necessary assistance and determine whether the migrants are refugees fleeing escalating violence in Myanmar’s Rakhine State.

Thailand, Malaysia sign pact to ease conflict in southern Thailand. Thai deputy prime minister Chalerm Yubamrung and Malaysian home minister Hishammuddin Hussein pledged closer cooperation on transnational issues that they said fuel the insurgency in southern Thailand, according to a January 10 Malay Mail report. The agreement covers cross-border crime, illegal labor migration, extradition, information sharing, and a proposed prisoner exchange. Hishammuddin noted that the prisoner exchange could be the first of its kind in Southeast Asia.

Thailand increases minimum wage. Thailand officially boosted its minimum wage to $10 per day on January 1. Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra made the wage hike a major priority during her campaign for office. Critics warn that the popular move will undermine Thailand’s regional competitiveness, especially as the economies of neighboring Cambodia and Myanmar grow. Proponents argue that Thailand’s low inflation can accommodate the wage hike and that increased disposable income among laborers will boost economic growth.

Activist’s conviction broadens scope of lèse-majesté laws. A Thai court convicted Somyot Prueksakasemsuk, former editor of the Voice of Thaksin magazine, to 10 years in prison on January 23 for running two articles considered critical of the Thai monarchy. Somyot edited but did not author the articles. His conviction came six days after a court sentenced “red shirt” activist Yossawarit Chuklom, also known as Jeng Dokchik, to two years in prison for insulting the king. The charges stem from a speech Yossawarit gave during an antigovernment rally in March 2010 during which he placed his hands over his mouth, as if being muzzled. Yossawarit made the gesture while listing the names of those who supported the government of then-prime minister Abhisit Vejjajiva, and the court ruled that it was obvious he was referring to the king. Critics have lambasted the rulings, saying that they broaden the interpretation of Thailand’s already wide-ranging lèse-majesté laws.

The Philippines

Nationwide gun ban enforced ahead of midterm elections. The Philippine Commission on Elections (COMELEC) imposed a 150-day nationwide gun ban from January 13 to May 13, when the country will hold congressional and local elections. The ban, which prohibits the carrying of firearms in public, is a result of the Philippines’ history of poll violence. President Benigno Aquino said that, in addition to promoting peaceful elections, the ban is meant to reinforce law and order after a series of widely publicized shootings.

Emmanuel Bautista named military chief. President Benigno Aquino appointed Lt. Gen. Emmanuel Bautista the chief of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines effective January 20. Bautista is the son of a general killed by Moro rebels in 1977. The incoming military chief says he wants to tackle communist insurgents and render their struggle “irrelevant” during his term. Bautista is credited with spearheading the creation of the government’s national security strategy, the Internal Peace and Security Plan (IPSP) Bayanihan.

Supreme Court begins cybercrime law hearings. The Supreme Court of the Philippines began hearing oral arguments January 15 on the constitutionality of the Cybercrime Protection Act of 2012. The act, which aims to protect individuals from cyber-bullying and sex trafficking, is seen by much of the public as a threat to freedom of expression. It introduces an extremely broad definition of online libel, which has angered journalists and political activists, and makes it easier for authorities to obtain personal information online.

Philippines jumps in ranking of the freest economies worldwide. The Philippines moved up 10 spots in the Heritage Foundation’s 2013 Index of Economic Reform, reflecting the country’s improving investment climate and booming economy. The Philippines ranked as the world’s 97th freest economy of 177 countries. The government’s anticorruption efforts and legislative reforms were cited as reasons for the improved rank.

Japan to provide Philippines with ships, equipment, and training. Japan’s foreign minister Fumio Kishida and his Philippine counterpart Albert del Rosario reached an agreement during the former’s January 9–10 visit to Manila for Japan to fund the acquisition of 10 multi-role response vessels, a communications system, and joint training for the Philippine Coast Guard. Fumio met with President Benigno Aquino to discuss the Philippines-Japan Strategic Partnership and then held talks on the South China Sea disputes with del Rosario.

Vietnam

Japan’s prime minister visits Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia. Japan’s new prime minister Shinzo Abe met with his Vietnamese counterpart Nguyen Tan Dung in Hanoi on January 16 before continuing on to Thailand and Indonesia during the first overseas trip of his administration. Abe was forced to end his trip early after a January 18 meeting with Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, but called his trip to Southeast Asia the start of Japan’s new strategic diplomacy toward the region. Abe capped the trip with the release of a five-point plan for engaging ASEAN.

Vietnam sentences 14 activists for subversion. A Vietnamese court on January 9 sentenced 14 activists, including bloggers and students, to up to 13 years in prison for subversion. The activists were arrested in 2010 on accusations of working with the U.S.-based exile group Viet Tan to try to overthrow the government. The sentencing drew sharp criticism from human rights groups and the international community.

Vietnam objects to U.S. investigation of shrimp exporters. The Vietnamese government on January 19 aired its disapproval of a recently-launched U.S. investigation into subsidies for shrimp exporters in seven countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration (ITA) launched the investigation due to claims by U.S. shrimp harvesters and producers that subsidized imports from have depressed prices and hurt the U.S. economy. The ITA says it will determine by February 11 whether foreign subsidies have been harmful to the U.S. shrimp industry and require further action.

Vietnamese stocks start the year with unexpected surge. Vietnam’s stock market rose 11 percent between January 1 and January 11, starting the new year strong after a rocky 2012. The government has relaxed rules on the stock market in order to attract investors and kick-start the economy in 2013. The Vietnamese State Securities Commission has pushed for reduced taxes on securities trading and the privatization of state-owned companies to create more shares on the market. A sharp decline in inflation and a strengthening of the currency have accompanied the improvements in the stock market.

Malaysia

Opposition's rally draws thousands as Najib's popularity falls. About 45,000 people joined a January 12 rally in Kuala Lumpur that pulled together supporters of the opposition Pakatan Rakyat coalition and various nongovernmental organizations to demand greater transparency in the coming election. The opposition rally followed the January 10 release of polling data showing support for Prime Minister Najib Razak slipping. Najib’s popularity sank to 63 percent in December 2012—its lowest level since August 2011—according to the Merdeka Center for Opinion Research.

Malaysia launches initiative to help start-up investors. Malaysia’s Cradle Fund, an agency within the Ministry of Finance, has launched the Malaysian Business Angel Network (MBAN) to help boost start-up investment in the country, according to a January 18 report by MIS Asia. The network will accredit and educate angel investors, who provide funding for start-ups, and formalize rules for such investment. MBAN follows other recent initiatives by Prime Minister Najib Razak to encourage entrepreneurship in Malaysia, including tax breaks for start-up investors announced on September 28, 2012.

Palm oil exports decline; government maintains zero crude palm oil export tax. Malaysia’s palm oil exports fell to approximately 230,000 tons in the first 15 days of January, compared to more than 790,000 tons for the same period in December 2012, according to a January 15 Bloomberg report. Plantation Industries and Commodities Minister Bernard Dompok announced the same day that the government will maintain a zero percent export tax for crude grade palm oil in February. He said that the effects of the zero percent tax rate in January have not kicked in, while competitor Indonesia has boosted its palm oil exports.

Malaysia’s nuclear ambitions delayed. Mohamad ZamZam Jaafar, chief executive of Malaysia Nuclear Power Corp., said January 15 that a feasibility study for the construction of two nuclear power plants would be delayed six months and may not be ready until late 2014. ZamZam attributed the delay to the public’s reactions to the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan and the ongoing fight over Lynas Corp.’s rare earths processing plant in Kuantan. The Malaysian government announced in May 2012 that it would build two nuclear plants in order to meet rising energy demand.

Police free 20 Indonesian maids held captive. Malaysian police freed 20 captive Indonesian maids on January 20 and arrested three suspects at a maid agency in Kuantan. The maids, all of whom had entered Malaysia illegally, were held captive by the agency after being dismissed by their employers. Police freed 105 Indonesian maids on December 1 who were held in similar conditions in Bandar Baru Klang, Selangor State. The Indonesian Embassy in Malaysia said that roughly 100 Indonesian maids entered Malaysia legally in 2012, while approximately 20,000 did so illegally.

South China Sea

Philippines asks UN tribunal to rule on China’s maritime claims. Philippine foreign secretary Albert del Rosario announced on January 22 that Manila had submitted a motion to the United Nations asking for an arbitration tribunal to rule on the legality of Beijing’s South China Sea claims. The brief filed by the Philippines argues that China’s “9-dash line” claim violates the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, as does its occupation of several submerged features in the Spratly Islands. China’s embassy in Manila responded to the announcement with a statement reiterating its claim to “indisputable sovereignty” over the islands and adjacent waters of the South China Sea.

Chevron to explore in two oil and gas blocks in the South China Sea. U.S. oil giant Chevron signed production sharing contracts on January 17 with China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) for two exploration blocks in the northern South China Sea. Chevron will own and operate the two blocks, which are not claimed by any of the Southeast Asian claimants. The terms of the contracts allow Chevron to conduct 3-D seismic data surveys and give CNOOC the right to participate in any commercial discoveries with up to a 51 percent stake.

Brunei to pursue binding code of conduct as ASEAN chair. Brunei foreign ministry officials reported on January 17 that the country’s top priority as 2013 ASEAN chair is to pursue a binding code of conduct among the claimants in the South China Sea. Brunei, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, China, and Taiwan all claim sovereignty over the contested territories. Past efforts to negotiate a binding code of conduct involving ASEAN and China have failed as Beijing refuses to negotiate with ASEAN as a bloc. Cambodia’s 2012 chairmanship of ASEAN was marred by sharp regional discord over the disputes.

Philex seeking partnership with CNOOC in South China Sea. Philippines-based Philex Petroleum announced on January 17 that it is in discussions with China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) to jointly explore for oil and gas in the South China Sea’s Reed Bank. Philex chairman Manuel Pangilinan said a partnership with China is the only way to move forward with a planned gas project in Reed Bank. Philex was supposed to begin exploration in October 2012, but was forced to abandon its business plan and timetable amid Chinese objections.

Singapore

Four candidates registered for Punggol East by-election. Four candidates will run in the January 26 by-election to fill a parliamentary seat in Singapore’s Punggol East district. The ruling People’s Action Party (PAP) along with the Reform Party, Singapore Democratic Alliance, and Workers’ Party had registered by the January 16 deadline. The Singapore Democratic Party pulled out of the race a day earlier to avoid further splintering the opposition. The by-election will serve as an important barometer of the PAP’s popularity following its loss in a 2012 by-election and its shrinking margin of victory during the 2011 national elections.

UNLV to close Singapore campus. The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) has decided not to renew its partnership with the Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT) when it ends in 2015, according to a January 15 Las Vegas Sun report. SIT is Singapore’s newest public university and provides polytechnic graduates with degrees from partner institutions in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. UNLV plans to pursue a partnership with a university in Macau instead.

Parliament passes amended Computer Misuse Act. Singapore’s parliament passed an amended Computer Misuse Act on January 14 that empowers the government to take preemptive measures against cyber-attacks. The act also makes noncompliance with a government order related to cybercrime an offense punishable by 10 years in jail and more than $40,000 in fines. Singapore’s Ministry of Home Affairs originally announced plans to amend the law in November 2012.

Measures to cool property market take effect. A series of regulations aimed at cooling Singapore’s overheated property market went into effect January 12. Foreigners who buy property in Singapore must now pay 18 percent property taxes, while permanent residents’ rates rose to 8 percent. The government also banned permanent residents from subletting their public housing properties. Singaporean citizens’ property taxes remain unchanged, but they must pay more for additional properties. Analysts warn that the government’s measures will slow economic growth, according to a January 14 report by the Wall Street Journal.

Halimah Yacob becomes the first woman speaker in Singapore parliament. Members of Singapore’s parliament elected Halimah Yacob as the new speaker on January 14, making her the first woman to hold the post. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong nominated Halimah on January 8 to fill the post vacated when Michael Palmer resigned due to a scandal involving an extramarital affair. Halimah resigned as the minister of state for social and family development in order to become speaker.

Cambodia

Khmer Rouge trial suspended as two defendants hospitalized. Former Khmer Rouge leaders Nuon Chea, 86, and Khieu Samphan, 81, were hospitalized in early January, prompting the UN-backed Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) to suspend their trial. Both stand accused of war crimes committed during the Khmer Rouge’s brutal rule of Cambodia in the 1970s. Nuon Chea and Kieu Samphan, along with Ieng Sary, 80 and also in poor health, were charged with genocide in 2009 but the trial has faced frequent interruptions. Court monitors have urged the ECCC to separate the defendants’ proceedings to avoid further delays.

Economy to grow 6.7 percent, but IMF warns of overheating. The World Bank predicts that the Cambodian economy will grow 6.7 percent in 2013, owing to strong exports and private investment. If realized, it would be the second-highest growth rate in Southeast Asia, behind only Laos. The International Monetary Fund, meanwhile, cautioned that Cambodia’s recent real estate boom and repeated interest rate cuts, while spurring growth, could lead to a credit bust. The country’s credit-to-GDP ratio of 37 percent stands well above the median for most low-income countries.

ADB, Cambodia sign agreement for $230 million in development assistance. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) agreed on January 17 to provide $230 million in loans to Cambodia. The assistance package will target six areas of growth and poverty relief—education, drought management, decentralization of service delivery, economic diversification, electricity infrastructure, and economic competitiveness in the country’s southern corridor.

Chinese investment in Cambodia skyrockets. China has become Cambodia’s largest investor, according to a January 16 Voice of America report. China invested $8.8 billion in Cambodia between 1994 and 2011, primarily in real estate and hydropower initiatives. More recent investment pledges, including a railroad, steel plant, and seaport, total another $11 billion. South Korea is Cambodia’s second-largest investor, followed by Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

ASEAN

ASEAN Freedom in World rankings. Myanmar jumped 12 ranks in Freedom House’s 2013 Freedom in the World report, released on January 16, though it retained its “not free” designation. Most other ASEAN countries saw little change in their overall political rights and civil liberties scores. Indonesia remained the only Southeast Asian country listed as “free,” while the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia remain “partly free.” Each of the ASEAN members’ 2011 and 2012 scores are available in the accompanying chart.

ASEAN members’ political rights and civil liberties aggregate scores according to Freedom House’s Freedom in the World report.

ASEAN-EU committee promotes regional connectivity. The ASEAN-European Union Joint Cooperation Committee (JCC) met January 17, emphasizing the importance of boosting regional connectivity through the ASEAN Regional Integration Support by the EU (ARISE) project. The group discussed other topics as well, and ASEAN secretary-general Le Luong Minh and EU ambassador Julian Wilson signed a $4 million grant contract to enhance the operational capacity of the ASEAN Secretariat. The committee will meet again in Hanoi in March.

Laos

Laos explains case of missing activist to UN, ASEAN delegation. Lao ambassador to the United Nations Yong Chanthalangsy responded to queries on January 4 about missing agronomist Sombath Somphone, claiming that he was never taken into police custody and may have disappeared because of a personal conflict. A delegation of ASEAN parliamentarians also pressured the Lao government to explain Sombath’s disappearance in greater detail during a January 13-15 visit to the country. Philippine lawmaker Walden Bello called for a speedy investigation into Sombath’s whereabouts.

Myanmar, Laos agree to build Mekong bridge. Laos and Myanmar agreed on January 15 to a long-awaited plan to build a friendship bridge across the Mekong River. The project, which was originally announced in March 2012, will link Luang Namtha Province in Laos with Myanmar’s Shan State. Logistical details have not yet been released to the public, but the project is tentatively scheduled for completion in 2018.

Brunei

Brunei looks to boost solar energy use with feed-in tariff. The energy department of Brunei’s Prime Minister’s Office announced on January 16 that it will enact a feed-in tariff system to incentivize owners of renewable energy generators who produce excess electricity for their homes to sell the excess to the grid. The tariff is part of Brunei’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation campaign, which is designed to increase domestic participation in renewable energy production, as well as create 1,600 jobs in 2013.

Timor-Leste

Gang leader’s visit angers Timorese. Timor-Leste’s armed forces chief Major General Lere Anan Timur threatened on January 8 to arrest Rozario Marcal, known as Hercules, if the Timorese-Indonesian gangster visits Timor-Leste again. Hercules, a notorious former gang leader with links to the Indonesian military, visited Timor-Leste during the first week of January. Anan Timur said that Hercules has no role in an independent Timor-Leste and that his visit symbolized the old conflicts between Timor-Leste and Indonesia. Anan Timur’s threat drew objections from members of Indonesia’s parliament and Timor-Leste–born Indonesians.

Mekong River

Cambodia, Vietnam object to Xayaburi dam during Mekong River Commission meeting. Cambodian and Vietnamese officials attending a recent Mekong River Commission (MRC) meeting raised objections to the consultation process Laos undertook before approving construction of the Xayaburi mega-dam, according to a January 18 Voice of America report. Vietnam requested a 10-year moratorium on new dams along the mainstream Mekong. Laos restarted construction of the dam in late 2012, saying that it had completed preliminary consultations and impact assessments. All new dams along the mainstream Mekong require MRC consensus under a 1995 agreement.

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Looking Ahead

Discussion of water security in Asia. The Asia Society and the Brookings Institution’s India Project will host a discussion January 24 on water security in Asia, with particular focus on the impact of water scarcity on India and China. Brahma Chellane of the Center for Policy Research in New Delhi and Jennifer Turner of the China Environment Forum at the Woodrow Wilson Center will discuss cross-border water conflicts, energy and food security, and other challenges to water security in the region. The event will take place from 3:30 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. in the Saul/Zilkha Rooms of the Brookings Institution, 1775 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Please RSVP here.

Dialogue on journalism and fishing in the Philippines. The Environmental Change and Security Program at the Woodrow Wilson Center will host a dialogue January 28 on the nexus of journalism and the fishing industry in the Philippines. Sam Eaton, a reporter with Homeland Productions, and Imelda Abano, president of the Philippine Network of Environmental Journalists, will discuss the environmental, food security, and health dimensions of the Philippine fishing industry, and the challenges journalists face covering these issues. The event will be held from 12:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. in the 5th Floor Conference Room at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. Please RSVP with name and affiliation here.

Conference on the Asia Pacific in 2013. CSIS will host a conference January 29 on what 2013 holds for the Asia Pacific in the areas of politics, security, and trade. Senior experts from CSIS’s Freeman Chair in China Studies, Japan Chair, Korea Chair, Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies, Wadhwani Chair in U.S.-India Policy Studies, and William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy will offer their insights and analysis during a series of panel discussions. The conference will take place from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. in the CSIS B1 Conference Facility, 1800 K St., N.W. Please click here to RSVP, or follow the event live on Twitter, #Asiapalooza.

Panel discussion assessing ASEAN performance in 2012. The ASEAN Studies Center at American University will host a panel discussion January 31 to review ASEAN’s performance in 2012. The Asia Foundation’s John Brandon, Seton Hall University’s Catharin Dalpino, Ben Dolven of the Congressional Research Service, and the CSIS Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies’ Murray Hiebert will discuss Cambodia’s chairmanship of ASEAN, the South China Sea, and other developments. The event will take place from 2:30 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. in the Hughes Formal Lounge at American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Please RSVP to Nadia Bulkin at the ASEAN Studies Center.

Panel on public-private partnerships in disaster response. CSIS and the Irene W. and C. B. Pennington Foundation will host a discussion January 30 on the role of public-private partnerships in disaster preparedness and response. Panelists will include Walmart’s Mark Cooper, PricewaterhouseCoopers’ Oz Ozturk, FEMA’s Dan Stoneking, and the New York City Office of Emergency Management’s Ira Tannenbaum. Registration will begin at 5:30 p.m., and the event will run from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. in the CSIS B1 Conference Facility, 1800 K St., N.W. Please click here to RSVP.

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For more details on our programs and to follow us with real-time updates, like the Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies on Facebook, follow us on Twitter @ SoutheastAsiaDC, and check out our blog, cogitASIA. Thank you for your interest in U.S. policy in Southeast Asia and CSIS Southeast Asia. Join the conversation!